Creating an Empirically Based Classification System for Mental Illness


This study strengthened the foundations for work on improving the way mental illness is assessed and identified in research and practice.

We reduced the DSM-5 to its constituent symptoms and reorganised them into a data-driven model based on the patterns in individuals’ (n = 14,762) self-reported experiences and found the new model below.

This model can be used to overcome the limitations of the DSM and help us find reliable and valid constructs to move the field forward.

If you are interested in understanding the results of the study in detail, you can access the published article here or listen to me discuss the results on A Therapist Can’t Say That podcast (click here) or Under The Cortex (click here). Macquarie University also released a brief news article on the study, available here
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An overview of the hierarchical model we derived as a key outcome in this work

Publications


Where do cognitive and neurodevelopmental disorders fit in dimensional models of psychopathology?


M. K. Forbes

C. Hopwood, C. Sharp, Dimensional Diagnosis: Practical and Conceptual Issues in the Integration of Personality and Psychopathology., Guilford Press, 2025


Rebuilding HiTOP from the ground up: Symptom-level analyses and a revised mapping to the DSM.


Forbes M. K., Pham T., Roberts M., C. & Johnco

Preprint on OSF, 2025


Reconstructing psychopathology: A data-driven reorganization of the symptoms in DSM-5


M. K. Forbes, A. J. Baillie, P. Batterham, A. Calear, R. Kotov, R. Krueger, K. Markon, L. Mewton, L. Pellicano, M. Roberts, C. A. Rodriguez-Seijas, M. Sunderland, D. Watson, A. L. Watts, A. G.C. Wright, L. A. Clark

Clinical Psychological Science, 2024


A hierarchical model of the symptom-level structure of psychopathology in youth


M. K. Forbes, A. L. Watts, M. Twose, A. Barrett, J. Hudson, H. Lyneham, L. McLellan, N. Newton, G. Sicouri, C. Chapman, A. McKinnon, R. Rapee, T. Slade, M. Teesson, K. Markon, M. Sunderland

Clinical Psychological Science, 2024


Implications of the symptom-level overlap among DSM diagnoses for dimensions of psychopathology


M. K. Forbes

Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology, vol. 1(1), Center for Open Science, 2023 Aug, pp. 104–112


A Detailed Hierarchical Model of Psychopathology: From Individual Symptoms up to the General Factor of Psychopathology


Miriam K. Forbes, Matthew Sunderland, Ronald M. Rapee, Philip J. Batterham, Alison L. Calear, Natacha Carragher, Camilo Ruggero, Mark Zimmerman, Andrew J. Baillie, Samantha J. Lynch, Louise Mewton, Tim Slade, Robert F. Krueger

Clinical Psychological Science, vol. 9(2), 2021, pp. 139–168